Operator C++ | Operators and its operations - Learn C++ , C++ Tutorial , C++ programming
What is C++ Operator?
- An operator is a symbol that expresses the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations.
- C++ is rich in built-in operators and provides the following types of operators:
![learn c++ tutorials - operators](https://wikitechy.com/tutorials/c++/img/c++-images/c++-tutorial-operators.jpg)
learn c++ tutorials - operators Example
- Arithmetic Operators
- Relational Operators
- Logical Operators
- Bitwise Operators
- Assignment Operators
- Misc Operators
- This chapter will show the arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment and other operators one by one
![c++ operators](https://wikitechy.com/tutorials/c++/img\c++-images\c++-operators.jpg)
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Arithmetic Operators
- It provides operators for five basic arithmetic calculations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and taking the modulus.
- Each of these operators uses two values (called operands) to calculate a final answer.
- There are following arithmetic operators supported by C++ language:
![learn c++ tutorials - operators-operands](https://wikitechy.com/tutorials/c++/img/c++-images/learn-c++-tutorial-operators-operands.gif)
learn c++ tutorials - operators-operands Example
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:
Show Examples
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
+ | Adds two operands | A + B will give 30 |
- | Subtracts second operand from the first | A - B will give -10 |
* | Multiplies both operandstd | A * B will give 200 |
/ | Divides numerator by de-numerator | B / A will give 2 |
% | Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division | B % A will give 0 |
++ | Increment operator, increases integer value by one | A++ will give 11 |
-- | Decrement operator, decreases integer value by one | A-- will give 9 |
Relational Operators
- A relational operator is a programming language construct oroperator that tests or defines some kind of relation between two entities.
- These include numerical equality (e.g., 5 = 5) and inequalities (e.g., 4 ≥ 3)
- There are following relational operators supported by C++ language
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:
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Show Examples
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
== | Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true. |
(A == B) is not true. |
!= | Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true. |
(A != B) is true. |
> | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. |
(A > B) is not true. |
< | Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. |
(A < B) is true. |
>= | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. |
(A >= B) is not true. |
<= | Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. |
(A <= B) is true. |
Logical Operators
- Logical Operators are used if we want to compare more than one condition.
- Depending upon the requirement, proper logical operator is used.
- There are following logical operators supported by C++ language
Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then:
Show Examples
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
&& | Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then condition becomes true. | (A && B) is false. |
>|| | Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-zero, then condition becomes true. | (A || B) is true. |
! | Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will make false. |
!(A && B) is true. |
Bitwise Operators
- Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation.
- The truth tables for &, |, and ^ are as follows:
p | q | p & q | p | q | p ^ q |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Assume if A = 60; and B = 13; now in binary format they will be as follows:
A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
-----------------
A&B = 0000 1100
A|B = 0011 1101
A^B = 0011 0001
~A = 1100 0011
- The Bitwise operators supported by C++ language are listed in the following table. Assume variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13, then:
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Show Examples
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
& | Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands. | (A & B) will give 12 which is 0000 1100 |
| | Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand. | (A | B) will give 61 which is 0011 1101 |
^ | Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both. | (A ^ B) will give 49 which is 0011 0001 |
~ | Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits. | (~A ) will give -61 which is 1100 0011 in 2's complement form due to a signed binary number. |
<< | Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the left operand. | A << 2 will give 240 which is 1111 0000 |
>> | Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand. | A >> 2 will give 15 which is 0000 1111 |
Assignment Operators
- An assignment statement sets and/or re-sets the value stored in the storage location(s) denoted by a variable name.
- In other words, it copies a value into the variable
- There are following assignment operators supported by C++ language:
Show Examples
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
= | Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand | C = A + B will assign value of A + B into C |
+= | Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand | C += A is equivalent to C = C + A |
-= | Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand | C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A |
*= | Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand | C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A |
/= | Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand | C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A |
%= | Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand | C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A |
<<= | Left shift AND assignment operator | C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2 |
>>= | Right shift AND assignment operator | C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2 |
&= | Bitwise AND assignment operator | C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2 |
^= | bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator | C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2 |
|= | bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator | C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2 |
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Misc Operators
- There are few other operators supported by C++ Language.
Operator | Description |
---|---|
sizeof | sizeof operator returns the size of a variable. For example, sizeof(a), where a is integer, will return 4. |
Condition ? X : Y | Conditional operator. If Condition is true ? then it returns value X : otherwise value Y |
, | Comma operator causes a sequence of operations to be performed. The value of the entire comma expression is the value of the last expression of the comma-separated list. |
. (dot) and -> (arrow) | Member operators are used to reference individual members of classes, structures, and unions. |
Cast | Casting operators convert one data type to another. For example, int(2.2000) would return 2. |
& | Pointer operator & returns the address of an variable. For example &a; will give actual address of the variable. |
* | Pointer operator * is pointer to a variable. For example *var; will pointer to a variable var. |
Operators Precedence in C++
- Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression.
- This affects how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others;
- for example, the multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator:
- For example x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.
- Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first.
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learn c++ tutorials - operator precedence in c++ Example
Show Examples
Category | Operator | Associativity |
---|---|---|
Postfix | () [] -> . ++ - - | Left to right |
Unary | + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof | Right to left |
Multiplicative | * / % | Left to right |
Additive | + - | Left to right |
Shift | << >> | Left to right |
Relational | < <= > >= | Left to right |
Equality | == != | Left to right |
Bitwise AND | & | Left to right |
Bitwise XOR | ^ | Left to right |
Bitwise OR | | | Left to right |
Logical AND | && | Left to right |
Logical OR | || | Left to right |
Conditional | ?: | Right to left |
Assignment | = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= | Right to left |
Comma | , | Left to right |