#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <limits.h>
 
// A structure to represent a node in adjacency list
struct AdjListNode
{
    int dest;
    int weight;
    struct AdjListNode* next;
};
 
// A structure to represent an adjacency liat
struct AdjList
{
    struct AdjListNode *head;  // pointer to head node of list
};
 
// A structure to represent a graph. A graph is an array of adjacency lists.
// Size of array will be V (number of vertices in graph)
struct Graph
{
    int V;
    struct AdjList* array;
};
 
// A utility function to create a new adjacency list node
struct AdjListNode* newAdjListNode(int dest, int weight)
{
    struct AdjListNode* newNode =
            (struct AdjListNode*) malloc(sizeof(struct AdjListNode));
    newNode->dest = dest;
    newNode->weight = weight;
    newNode->next = NULL;
    return newNode;
}
 
// A utility function that creates a graph of V vertices
struct Graph* createGraph(int V)
{
    struct Graph* graph = (struct Graph*) malloc(sizeof(struct Graph));
    graph->V = V;
 
    // Create an array of adjacency lists.  Size of array will be V
    graph->array = (struct AdjList*) malloc(V * sizeof(struct AdjList));
 
     // Initialize each adjacency list as empty by making head as NULL
    for (int i = 0; i < V; ++i)
        graph->array[i].head = NULL;
 
    return graph;
}
 
// Adds an edge to an undirected graph
void addEdge(struct Graph* graph, int src, int dest, int weight)
{
    // Add an edge from src to dest.  A new node is added to the adjacency
    // list of src.  The node is added at the begining
    struct AdjListNode* newNode = newAdjListNode(dest, weight);
    newNode->next = graph->array[src].head;
    graph->array[src].head = newNode;
 
    // Since graph is undirected, add an edge from dest to src also
    newNode = newAdjListNode(src, weight);
    newNode->next = graph->array[dest].head;
    graph->array[dest].head = newNode;
}
 
// Structure to represent a min heap node
struct MinHeapNode
{
    int  v;
    int key;
};
 
// Structure to represent a min heap
struct MinHeap
{
    int size;      // Number of heap nodes present currently
    int capacity;  // Capacity of min heap
    int *pos;     // This is needed for decreaseKey()
    struct MinHeapNode **array;
};
 
// A utility function to create a new Min Heap Node
struct MinHeapNode* newMinHeapNode(int v, int key)
{
    struct MinHeapNode* minHeapNode =
           (struct MinHeapNode*) malloc(sizeof(struct MinHeapNode));
    minHeapNode->v = v;
    minHeapNode->key = key;
    return minHeapNode;
}
 
// A utilit function to create a Min Heap
struct MinHeap* createMinHeap(int capacity)
{
    struct MinHeap* minHeap =
         (struct MinHeap*) malloc(sizeof(struct MinHeap));
    minHeap->pos = (int *)malloc(capacity * sizeof(int));
    minHeap->size = 0;
    minHeap->capacity = capacity;
    minHeap->array =
         (struct MinHeapNode**) malloc(capacity * sizeof(struct MinHeapNode*));
    return minHeap;
}
 
// A utility function to swap two nodes of min heap. Needed for min heapify
void swapMinHeapNode(struct MinHeapNode** a, struct MinHeapNode** b)
{
    struct MinHeapNode* t = *a;
    *a = *b;
    *b = t;
}
 
// A standard function to heapify at given idx
// This function also updates position of nodes when they are swapped.
// Position is needed for decreaseKey()
void minHeapify(struct MinHeap* minHeap, int idx)
{
    int smallest, left, right;
    smallest = idx;
    left = 2 * idx + 1;
    right = 2 * idx + 2;
 
    if (left < minHeap->size &&
        minHeap->array[left]->key < minHeap->array[smallest]->key )
      smallest = left;
 
    if (right < minHeap->size &&
        minHeap->array[right]->key < minHeap->array[smallest]->key )
      smallest = right;
 
    if (smallest != idx)
    {
        // The nodes to be swapped in min heap
        MinHeapNode *smallestNode = minHeap->array[smallest];
        MinHeapNode *idxNode = minHeap->array[idx];
 
        // Swap positions
        minHeap->pos[smallestNode->v] = idx;
        minHeap->pos[idxNode->v] = smallest;
 
        // Swap nodes
        swapMinHeapNode(&minHeap->array[smallest], &minHeap->array[idx]);
 
        minHeapify(minHeap, smallest);
    }
}
 
// A utility function to check if the given minHeap is ampty or not
int isEmpty(struct MinHeap* minHeap)
{
    return minHeap->size == 0;
}
 
// Standard function to extract minimum node from heap
struct MinHeapNode* extractMin(struct MinHeap* minHeap)
{
    if (isEmpty(minHeap))
        return NULL;
 
    // Store the root node
    struct MinHeapNode* root = minHeap->array[0];
 
    // Replace root node with last node
    struct MinHeapNode* lastNode = minHeap->array[minHeap->size - 1];
    minHeap->array[0] = lastNode;
 
    // Update position of last node
    minHeap->pos[root->v] = minHeap->size-1;
    minHeap->pos[lastNode->v] = 0;
 
    // Reduce heap size and heapify root
    --minHeap->size;
    minHeapify(minHeap, 0);
 
    return root;
}
 
// Function to decreasy key value of a given vertex v. This function
// uses pos[] of min heap to get the current index of node in min heap
void decreaseKey(struct MinHeap* minHeap, int v, int key)
{
    // Get the index of v in  heap array
    int i = minHeap->pos[v];
 
    // Get the node and update its key value
    minHeap->array[i]->key = key;
 
    // Travel up while the complete tree is not hepified.
    // This is a O(Logn) loop
    while (i && minHeap->array[i]->key < minHeap->array[(i - 1) / 2]->key)
    {
        // Swap this node with its parent
        minHeap->pos[minHeap->array[i]->v] = (i-1)/2;
        minHeap->pos[minHeap->array[(i-1)/2]->v] = i;
        swapMinHeapNode(&minHeap->array[i],  &minHeap->array[(i - 1) / 2]);
 
        // move to parent index
        i = (i - 1) / 2;
    }
}
 
// A utility function to check if a given vertex
// 'v' is in min heap or not
bool isInMinHeap(struct MinHeap *minHeap, int v)
{
   if (minHeap->pos[v] < minHeap->size)
     return true;
   return false;
}
 
// A utility function used to print the constructed MST
void printArr(int arr[], int n)
{
    for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i)
        printf("%d - %d\n", arr[i], i);
}
 
// The main function that constructs Minimum Spanning Tree (MST)
// using Prim's algorithm
void PrimMST(struct Graph* graph)
{
    int V = graph->V;// Get the number of vertices in graph
    int parent[V];   // Array to store constructed MST
    int key[V];      // Key values used to pick minimum weight edge in cut
 
    // minHeap represents set E
    struct MinHeap* minHeap = createMinHeap(V);
 
    // Initialize min heap with all vertices. Key value of
    // all vertices (except 0th vertex) is initially infinite
    for (int v = 1; v < V; ++v)
    {
        parent[v] = -1;
        key[v] = INT_MAX;
        minHeap->array[v] = newMinHeapNode(v, key[v]);
        minHeap->pos[v] = v;
    }
 
    // Make key value of 0th vertex as 0 so that it
    // is extracted first
    key[0] = 0;
    minHeap->array[0] = newMinHeapNode(0, key[0]);
    minHeap->pos[0]   = 0;
 
    // Initially size of min heap is equal to V
    minHeap->size = V;
 
    // In the followin loop, min heap contains all nodes
    // not yet added to MST.
    while (!isEmpty(minHeap))
    {
        // Extract the vertex with minimum key value
        struct MinHeapNode* minHeapNode = extractMin(minHeap);
        int u = minHeapNode->v; // Store the extracted vertex number
 
        // Traverse through all adjacent vertices of u (the extracted
        // vertex) and update their key values
        struct AdjListNode* pCrawl = graph->array[u].head;
        while (pCrawl != NULL)
        {
            int v = pCrawl->dest;
 
            // If v is not yet included in MST and weight of u-v is
            // less than key value of v, then update key value and
            // parent of v
            if (isInMinHeap(minHeap, v) && pCrawl->weight < key[v])
            {
                key[v] = pCrawl->weight;
                parent[v] = u;
                decreaseKey(minHeap, v, key[v]);
            }
            pCrawl = pCrawl->next;
        }
    }
 
    // print edges of MST
    printArr(parent, V);
}
 
// Driver program to test above functions
int main()
{
    // Let us create the graph given in above fugure
    int V = 9;
    struct Graph* graph = createGraph(V);
    addEdge(graph, 0, 1, 4);
    addEdge(graph, 0, 7, 8);
    addEdge(graph, 1, 2, 8);
    addEdge(graph, 1, 7, 11);
    addEdge(graph, 2, 3, 7);
    addEdge(graph, 2, 8, 2);
    addEdge(graph, 2, 5, 4);
    addEdge(graph, 3, 4, 9);
    addEdge(graph, 3, 5, 14);
    addEdge(graph, 4, 5, 10);
    addEdge(graph, 5, 6, 2);
    addEdge(graph, 6, 7, 1);
    addEdge(graph, 6, 8, 6);
    addEdge(graph, 7, 8, 7);
 
    PrimMST(graph);
 
    return 0;
}