We have introduced Branch and Bound and discussed 0/1 Knapsack problem in below posts.

In this puzzle solution of 8 puzzle problem is discussed.
Given a 3×3 board with 8 tiles (every tile has one number from 1 to 8) and one empty space. The objective is to place the numbers on tiles to match final configuration using the empty space. We can slide four adjacent (left, right, above and below) tiles into the empty space.

For example,

Branch and Bound | Set 3 (8 puzzle Problem

1. DFS (Brute-Force)
We can perform depth-first search on state space (Set of all configurations of a given problem i.e. all states that can be reached from initial state) tree.

Branch and Bound | Set 3 (8 puzzle Problem)

state space tree for 8 puzzle

 

In this solution, successive moves can take us away from the goal rather than bringing closer. The search of state space tree follows leftmost path from the root regardless of initial state. An answer node may never be found in this approach.

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2. BFS (Brute-Force)
We can perform a Breadth-first search on state space tree. This always finds a goal state nearest to the root. But no matter what the initial state is, the algorithm attempts the same sequence of moves like DFS.

3. Branch and Bound
The search for an answer node can often be speeded by using an “intelligent” ranking function, also called an approximate cost function to avoid searching in sub-trees that do not contain an answer node. It is similar to backtracking technique but uses BFS-like search.

There are basically three types of nodes involved in Branch and Bound
1. Live node is a node that has been generated but whose children have not yet been generated.
2. E-node is a live node whose children are currently being explored. In other words, an E-node is a node currently being expanded.
3. Dead node is a generated node that is not to be expanded or explored any further. All children of a dead node have already been expanded.

Cost function:
Each node X in the search tree is associated with a cost. The cost function is useful for determining the next E-node. The next E-node is the one with least cost. The cost function is defined as,

   C(X) = g(X) + h(X) where
   g(X) = cost of reaching the current node 
          from the root
   h(X) = cost of reaching an answer node from X.
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Ideal Cost function for 8-puzzle Algorithm :
We assume that moving one tile in any direction will have 1 unit cost. Keeping that in mind, we define cost function for 8-puzzle algorithm as below :

   c(x) = f(x) + h(x) where
   f(x) is the length of the path from root to x 
        (the number of moves so far) and
   h(x) is the number of non-blank tiles not in 
        their goal position (the number of mis-
        -placed tiles). There are at least h(x) 
        moves to transform state x to a goal state

An algorithm is available for getting an approximation of h(x) which is a unknown value.

Complete Algorithm:

/* Algorithm LCSearch uses c(x) to find an answer node
 * LCSearch uses Least() and Add() to maintain the list 
   of live nodes
 * Least() finds a live node with least c(x), deletes
   it from the list and returns it
 * Add(x) adds x to the list of live nodes
 * Implement list of live nodes as a min heap */

struct list_node
{
   list_node *next;

   // Helps in tracing path when answer is found
   list_node *parent; 
   float cost;
} 

algorithm LCSearch(list_node *t)
{
   // Search t for an answer node
   // Input: Root node of tree t
   // Output: Path from answer node to root
   if (*t is an answer node)
   {
       print(*t);
       return;
   }
   
   E = t; // E-node

   Initialize the list of live nodes to be empty;
   while (true)
   {
      for each child x of E
      {
          if x is an answer node
          {
             print the path from x to t;
             return;
          }
          Add (x); // Add x to list of live nodes;
          x->parent = E; // Pointer for path to root
      }

      if there are no more live nodes
      {
         print ("No answer node");
         return;
      }
       
      // Find a live node with least estimated cost
      E = Least(); 

      // The found node is deleted from the list of 
      // live nodes
   }
}

Below diagram shows the path followed by above algorithm to reach final configuration from given initial configuration of 8-Puzzle. Note that only nodes having least value of cost function are expanded.

Branch and Bound | Set 3 (8 puzzle Problem)

// Program to print path from root node to destination node
// for N*N -1 puzzle algorithm using Branch and Bound
// The solution assumes that instance of puzzle is solvable
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define N 3
 
// state space tree nodes
struct Node
{
    // stores parent node of current node
    // helps in tracing path when answer is found
    Node* parent;
 
    // stores matrix
    int mat[N][N];
 
    // stores blank tile cordinates
    int x, y;
 
    // stores the number of misplaced tiles
    int cost;
 
    // stores the number of moves so far
    int level;
};
 
// Function to print N x N matrix
int printMatrix(int mat[N][N])
{
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
    {
        for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
            printf("%d ", mat[i][j]);
        printf("\n");
    }
}
 
// Function to allocate a new node
Node* newNode(int mat[N][N], int x, int y, int newX,
              int newY, int level, Node* parent)
{
    Node* node = new Node;
 
    // set pointer for path to root
    node->parent = parent;
 
    // copy data from parent node to current node
    memcpy(node->mat, mat, sizeof node->mat);
 
    // move tile by 1 postion
    swap(node->mat[x][y], node->mat[newX][newY]);
 
    // set number of misplaced tiles
    node->cost = INT_MAX;
 
    // set number of moves so far
    node->level = level;
 
    // update new blank tile cordinates
    node->x = newX;
    node->y = newY;
 
    return node;
}
 
// botton, left, top, right
int row[] = { 1, 0, -1, 0 };
int col[] = { 0, -1, 0, 1 };
 
// Function to calculate the the number of misplaced tiles
// ie. number of non-blank tiles not in their goal position
int calculateCost(int initial[N][N], int final[N][N])
{
    int count = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
      for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
        if (initial[i][j] && initial[i][j] != final[i][j])
           count++;
    return count;
}
 
// Function to check if (x, y) is a valid matrix cordinate
int isSafe(int x, int y)
{
    return (x >= 0 && x < N && y >= 0 && y < N);
}
 
// print path from root node to destination node
void printPath(Node* root)
{
    if (root == NULL)
        return;
    printPath(root->parent);
    printMatrix(root->mat);
 
    printf("\n");
}
 
// Comparison object to be used to order the heap
struct comp
{
    bool operator()(const Node* lhs, const Node* rhs) const
    {
        return (lhs->cost + lhs->level) > (rhs->cost + rhs->level);
    }
};
 
// Function to solve N*N - 1 puzzle algorithm using
// Branch and Bound. x and y are blank tile coordinates
// in initial state
void solve(int initial[N][N], int x, int y,
           int final[N][N])
{
    // Create a priority queue to store live nodes of
    // search tree;
    priority_queue<Node*, std::vector<Node*>, comp> pq;
 
    // create a root node and calculate its cost
    Node* root = newNode(initial, x, y, x, y, 0, NULL);
    root->cost = calculateCost(initial, final);
 
    // Add root to list of live nodes;
    pq.push(root);
 
    // Finds a live node with least cost,
    // add its childrens to list of live nodes and
    // finally deletes it from the list.
    while (!pq.empty())
    {
        // Find a live node with least estimated cost
        Node* min = pq.top();
 
        // The found node is deleted from the list of
        // live nodes
        pq.pop();
 
        // if min is an answer node
        if (min->cost == 0)
        {
            // print the path from root to destination;
            printPath(min);
            return;
        }
 
        // do for each child of min
        // max 4 children for a node
        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
        {
            if (isSafe(min->x + row[i], min->y + col[i]))
            {
                // create a child node and calculate
                // its cost
                Node* child = newNode(min->mat, min->x,
                              min->y, min->x + row[i],
                              min->y + col[i],
                              min->level + 1, min);
                child->cost = calculateCost(child->mat, final);
 
                // Add child to list of live nodes
                pq.push(child);
            }
        }
    }
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
    // Initial configuration
    // Value 0 is used for empty space
    int initial[N][N] =
    {
        {1, 2, 3},
        {5, 6, 0},
        {7, 8, 4}
    };
 
    // Solvable Final configuration
    // Value 0 is used for empty space
    int final[N][N] =
    {
        {1, 2, 3},
        {5, 8, 6},
        {0, 7, 4}
    };
 
    // Blank tile coordinates in initial
    // configuration
    int x = 1, y = 2;
 
    solve(initial, x, y, final);
 
    return 0;
}

 

Output :

1 2 3 
5 6 0 
7 8 4 

1 2 3 
5 0 6 
7 8 4 

1 2 3 
5 8 6 
7 0 4 

1 2 3 
5 8 6 
0 7 4
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