In a party of N people, only one person is known to everyone. Such a person may be present in the party, if yes, (s)he doesn’t know anyone in the party. We can only ask questions like “does A know B? “. Find the stranger (celebrity) in minimum number of questions.

We can describe the problem input as an array of numbers/characters representing persons in the party. We also have a hypothetical function HaveAcquaintance(A, B) which returns true if A knows B, false otherwise. How can we solve the problem.

We measure the complexity in terms of calls made to HaveAcquaintance().

Solve the problem of smaller instance during divide step. On the way back, we find the celebrity (if present) from the smaller instance. During combine stage, check whether the returned celebrity is known to everyone and he doesn’t know anyone. The recurrence of the recursive decomposition is,

T(N) = T(N-1) + O(N)

T(N) = O(N²). You may try writing pseudo code to check your recursion skills.

We have following observation based on elimination technique (Refer Polya’s How to Solve It book).

• If A knows B, then A can’t be celebrity. Discard A, and B may be celebrity.
• If A doesn’t know B, then B can’t be celebrity. Discard B, and A may be celebrity.
• Repeat above two steps till we left with only one person.
• Ensure the remained person is celebrity. (Why do we need this step?)

We can use stack to verity celebrity.

1. Push all the celebrities into a stack.
2. Pop off top two persons from the stack, discard one person based on return status of HaveAcquaintance(A, B).
3. Push the remained person onto stack.
4. Repeat step 2 and 3 until only one person remains in the stack.
5. Check the remained person in stack doesn’t have acquaintance with anyone else.

We will discard N elements utmost (Why?). If the celebrity is present in the party, we will call HaveAcquaintance() 3(N-1) times. Here is code using stack.

C++ Programming:

// C++ program to find celebrity
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <list>
using namespace std;
 
// Max # of persons in the party
#define N 8
 
// Person with 2 is celebrity
bool  MATRIX[N][N] = {{0, 0, 1, 0},
                      {0, 0, 1, 0},
                      {0, 0, 0, 0},
                      {0, 0, 1, 0}};
 
bool knows(int a, int b)
{
    return MATRIX[a][b];
}
 
// Returns -1 if celebrity is not present.
// If present, returns id  (value from 0 to n-1).
int findCelebrity(int n)
{
    // Handle trivial case of size = 2
 
    stack<int> s;
 
    int C; // Celebrity
 
    // Push everybody to stack
    for (int i=0; i<n; i++)
        s.push(i);
 
    // Extract top 2
    int A = s.top();
    s.pop();
    int B = s.top();
    s.pop();
 
    // Find a potential celevrity
    while (s.size() > 1)
    {
        if (knows(A, B))
        {
            A = s.top();
            s.pop();
        }
        else
        {
            B = s.top();
            s.pop();
        }
    }
 
    // Potential candidate?
    C = s.top();
    s.pop();
 
    // Last candidate was not examined, it leads
    // one excess comparison (optimize)
    if (knows(C, B))
        C = B;
 
    if (knows(C, A))
        C = A;
 
    // Check if C is actually a celebrity or not
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        // If any person doesn't know 'a' or 'a'
        // doesn't know any person, return -1
        if ( (i != C) &&
                (knows(C, i) || !knows(i, C)) )
            return -1;
    }
 
    return C;
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
    int n = 4;
    int id = findCelebrity(n);
    id == -1 ? cout << "No celebrity" :
               cout << "Celebrity ID " << id;
    return 0;
}

Output :

Celebrity ID 2

Complexity O(N). Total comparisons 3(N-1). Try the above code for successful MATRIX {{0, 0, 0, 1}, {0, 0, 0, 1}, {0, 0, 0, 1}, {0, 0, 0, 1}}.

Note: You may think that why do we need a new graph as we already have access to input matrix. Note that the matrix MATRIX used to help the hypothetical function HaveAcquaintance(A, B), but never accessed via usual notation MATRIX[i, j]. We have access to the input only through the function HaveAcquiantance(A, B). Matrix is just a way to code the solution. We can assume the cost of hypothetical function as O(1).

If still not clear, assume that the function HaveAcquiantance accessing information stored in a set of linked lists arranged in levels. List node will have next and nextLevel pointers. Every level will have N nodes i.e. an N element list, next points to next node in the current level list and the nextLevel pointer in last node of every list will point to head of next level list. For example the linked list representation of above matrix looks like,

L0 0->0->1->0
             |
L1           0->0->1->0
                       |
L2                     0->0->1->0
                                 |
L3                               0->0->1->0

The function HaveAcquanintance(i, j) will search in the list for j-th node in the i-th level. Out goal is to minimize calls to HaveAcquanintance function.

C++ Programming:

// C++ program to find celebrity in O(n) time
// and O(1) extra space
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
// Max # of persons in the party
#define N 8
 
// Person with 2 is celebrity
bool  MATRIX[N][N] = {{0, 0, 1, 0},
    {0, 0, 1, 0},
    {0, 0, 0, 0},
    {0, 0, 1, 0}
};
 
bool knows(int a, int b)
{
    return MATRIX[a][b];
}
 
// Returns id of celebrity
int findCelebrity(int n)
{
    // Initialize two pointers as two corners
    int a = 0;
    int b = n - 1;
 
    // Keep moving while the two pointers
    // don't become same. 
    while (a < b)
    {
        if (knows(a, b))
            a++;
        else
            b--;
    }
 
    // Check if a is actually a celebrity or not
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        // If any person doesn't know 'a' or 'a'
        // doesn't know any person, return -1
        if ( (i != a) &&
                (knows(a, i) || !knows(i, a)) )
            return -1;
    }
 
    return a;
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
    int n = 4;
    int id = findCelebrity(n);
    id == -1 ? cout << "No celebrity" :
               cout << "Celebrity ID " << id;
    return 0;
}

Output :

Celebrity ID 2