Eulerian Circuit is an Eulerian Path which starts and ends on the same vertex.
How to find whether a given graph is Eulerian or not?
The problem is same as following question. “Is it possible to draw a given graph without lifting pencil from the paper and without tracing any of the edges more than once”.
A graph is called Eulerian if it has an Eulerian Cycle and called Semi-Eulerian if it has an Eulerian Path. The problem seems similar to Hamiltonian Path which is NP complete problem for a general graph. Fortunately, we can find whether a given graph has a Eulerian Path or not in polynomial time. In fact, we can find it in O(V+E) time.
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Following are some interesting properties of undirected graphs with an Eulerian path and cycle. We can use these properties to find whether a graph is Eulerian or not.
Eulerian Cycle
An undirected graph has Eulerian cycle if following two conditions are true.
….a) All vertices with non-zero degree are connected. We don’t care about vertices with zero degree because they don’t belong to Eulerian Cycle or Path (we only consider all edges).
….b) All vertices have even degree.
Eulerian Path
An undirected graph has Eulerian Path if following two conditions are true.
….a) Same as condition (a) for Eulerian Cycle
….b) If zero or two vertices have odd degree and all other vertices have even degree. Note that only one vertex with odd degree is not possible in an undirected graph (sum of all degrees is always even in an undirected graph)
Note that a graph with no edges is considered Eulerian because there are no edges to traverse.
How does this work?
In Eulerian path, each time we visit a vertex v, we walk through two unvisited edges with one end point as v. Therefore, all middle vertices in Eulerian Path must have even degree. For Eulerian Cycle, any vertex can be middle vertex, therefore all vertices must have even degree.
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PYTHON Programming:
# Python program to check if a given graph is Eulerian or not
#Complexity : O(V+E)
from collections import defaultdict
#This class represents a undirected graph using adjacency list representation
class Graph:
def __init__(self,vertices):
self.V= vertices #No. of vertices
self.graph = defaultdict(list) # default dictionary to store graph
# function to add an edge to graph
def addEdge(self,u,v):
self.graph[u].append(v)
self.graph[v].append(u)
#A function used by isConnected
def DFSUtil(self,v,visited):
# Mark the current node as visited
visited[v]= True
#Recur for all the vertices adjacent to this vertex
for i in self.graph[v]:
if visited[i]==False:
self.DFSUtil(i,visited)
'''Method to check if all non-zero degree vertices are
connected. It mainly does DFS traversal starting from
node with non-zero degree'''
def isConnected(self):
# Mark all the vertices as not visited
visited =[False]*(self.V)
# Find a vertex with non-zero degree
for i in range(self.V):
if len(self.graph[i]) > 1:
break
# If there are no edges in the graph, return true
if i == self.V-1:
return True
# Start DFS traversal from a vertex with non-zero degree
self.DFSUtil(i,visited)
# Check if all non-zero degree vertices are visited
for i in range(self.V):
if visited[i]==False and len(self.graph[i]) > 0:
return False
return True
'''The function returns one of the following values
0 --> If grpah is not Eulerian
1 --> If graph has an Euler path (Semi-Eulerian)
2 --> If graph has an Euler Circuit (Eulerian) '''
def isEulerian(self):
# Check if all non-zero degree vertices are connected
if self.isConnected() == False:
return 0
else:
#Count vertices with odd degree
odd = 0
for i in range(self.V):
if len(self.graph[i]) % 2 !=0:
odd +=1
'''If odd count is 2, then semi-eulerian.
If odd count is 0, then eulerian
If count is more than 2, then graph is not Eulerian
Note that odd count can never be 1 for undirected graph'''
if odd == 0:
return 2
elif odd == 2:
return 1
elif odd > 2:
return 0
# Function to run test cases
def test(self):
res = self.isEulerian()
if res == 0:
print "graph is not Eulerian"
elif res ==1 :
print "graph has a Euler path"
else:
print "graph has a Euler cycle"
#Let us create and test graphs shown in above figures
g1 = Graph(5);
g1.addEdge(1, 0)
g1.addEdge(0, 2)
g1.addEdge(2, 1)
g1.addEdge(0, 3)
g1.addEdge(3, 4)
g1.test()
g2 = Graph(5)
g2.addEdge(1, 0)
g2.addEdge(0, 2)
g2.addEdge(2, 1)
g2.addEdge(0, 3)
g2.addEdge(3, 4)
g2.addEdge(4, 0)
g2.test();
g3 = Graph(5)
g3.addEdge(1, 0)
g3.addEdge(0, 2)
g3.addEdge(2, 1)
g3.addEdge(0, 3)
g3.addEdge(3, 4)
g3.addEdge(1, 3)
g3.test()
#Let us create a graph with 3 vertices
# connected in the form of cycle
g4 = Graph(3)
g4.addEdge(0, 1)
g4.addEdge(1, 2)
g4.addEdge(2, 0)
g4.test()
# Let us create a graph with all veritces
# with zero degree
g5 = Graph(3)
g5.test()
Output:
graph has a Euler path
graph has a Euler cycle
graph is not Eulerian
graph has a Euler cycle
graph has a Euler cycle
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