Threat: A threat is any form of hazard that has the potential to destroy or steal data, disrupt operations, or cause harm in general. Malware, phishing, data breaches, and even unethical employees are all examples of threats.
Threat actors, who might be individuals or groups with a variety of backgrounds and motives, express threats. Understanding threats is essential for developing effective mitigations and making informed cybersecurity decisions. Threat intelligence is information regarding threats and threat actors.

Vulnerability: A vulnerability is a flaw in hardware, software, personnel, or procedures that threat actors can use to achieve their objectives.
Physical vulnerabilities, such as publicly exposed networking equipment, software vulnerabilities, such as a buffer overflow vulnerability in a browser, and even human vulnerabilities, such as an employee vulnerable to phishing assaults, are all examples of vulnerabilities.
Vulnerability management is the process of identifying, reporting and repairing vulnerabilities. A zero-day vulnerability is a vulnerability for which a remedy is not yet available.

Risk: The probability of a threat and the consequence of a vulnerability are combined to form risk. To put it another way, the risk is the likelihood of a threat agent successfully exploiting a vulnerability, which may be calculated using the formula:

Risk = Likelihood of a threat * Vulnerability Impact

Risk management is the process of identifying all potential hazards, analyzing their impact, and determining the best course of action. It’s a never-ending procedure that examines new threats and vulnerabilities on a regular basis. Risks can be avoided, minimized, accepted, or passed to a third party depending on the response chosen.